My Assignment for MGT417!!!!

Finally, my assignment for MGT417 that is Information Technology in Business is completed..I hope my beloved lectures, En. Harun can accept it and easily to understand..all the article and post is for assignment MGT417..hope my followers, reader and my lectures are an enjoy it..Amin

~special for you all~love you mmmwaahh~

~Healthy Life~

...OBESITY...

Obesity is a term used to describe body weight that is much greater than what is healthy. If you are obese, you also have a much higher amount of body fat than is healthy or desirable.

Adults with a body mass index (BMI, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) between 25 kg/m² and 30 kg/m² are considered overweight.

Adults with a BMI greater than or equal to 30 kg/m² are considered obese.

Anyone who is more than 100 pounds overweight or who has a BMI greater than or equal to 40 kg/m² is considered morbidly obese.

-Classification of obesity-

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

Taking in more calories than you burn leads to being overweight and, eventually, obesity. The body stores unused calories as fat. Obesity can be the result of:

·         Eating more food than your body can use

·         Drinking too much alcohol

·         Not getting enough exercise

An underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) may lead to 5 - 10 pounds of weight gain. Some antidepressants and antipsychotic medicines may also contribute to weight gain and obesity. Genetic factors play some part in the development of obesity -- children of obese parents are 10 times more likely to be obese than children with parents of normal weight.

People who are at higher risk for obesity include:

·         Lower income groups

·         Former smokers

·         People with chronic mental illness

·         People with disabilities

·         People with a sedentary lifestyle

~cause of obesity~

Signs and tests

The health care provider will perform a physical exam and ask questions about your medical history, eating habits, and exercise routine.

Skin fold measurements may be taken to check your body fat percentage.

Blood tests may be done to look for thyroid or endocrine problems, which could lead to weight gain.

Treatment

Regular exercise and a healthy diet are crucial when it comes to controlling your weight. Although there are many programs advertised to help you lose weight, the only method proven safe over the long-term is to burn more calories than you consume.

Exercising and eating right must become as much a part of your routine as bathing and brushing your teeth. Unless you are convinced of the benefits, you will not succeed.

DIET

Most people can lose weight by eating a healthier diet and exercising more. Even modest weight loss can improve your health. Sticking to a weight reduction program is not easy. You will need a lot of support from family and friends.

When dieting, your main goal should be to learn new, healthy ways of eating and make them a part of your everyday routine. Learn to read the nutrition labels and ingredients of all the foods you eat.

Work with your health care provider and dietitian to set realistic, safe daily calorie counts that help you lose weight while staying healthy. Remember that if you drop pounds slowly and steadily, you are more likely to keep them off. Your dietitian can teach you about healthy food choices, portion sizes, and new ways to prepare food.

Extreme diets (fewer than 1,100 calories per day) are not thought to be safe or to work very well.

·         These types of diets often do not contain enough vitamins and minerals.

·         People who are on these diets may experience symptoms such as fatigue, feeling cold most of the time, hair loss, or dizziness.

·         There is a risk for gallbladder stones, changes in menstrual periods, and rarely, dangerous heart rhythms.

·         Most people who lose weight this way return to overeating and become obese again.

See also: Sweeteners

Other changes can have an impact on your weight loss success:

·         Eat only at the table. No snacking in front of the TV, in bed, while driving, or while standing in front of the open refrigerator.

·         Learn about appropriate portion sizes.

·         Choose low-calorie snacks, such as raw vegetables.

·         Learn new ways to manage stress, rather than snacking. Examples may be meditation, yoga, or exercise.

·         Keep a diet and exercise journal. This may help you identify overeating triggers in your life.

·         If you are depressed, seek medical treatment rather than eating excessively to help cope with your depression.

·         Find a support group or consider psychotherapy to help you achieve your weight loss goal.

EXERCISE

To lose weight, you must burn more calories than you eat. Exercise is a key way to do this. Walking a mile a day for 30 days will help you burn off 1 pound of fat, as long as you don't eat more than usual.

If you have not been active, start slowly and build up over weeks or even months. Walking can be a good exercise to start with. Talk to your health care provider before starting.

Every week, increase the amount of time you spend doing the activity. Do it more often or add a second activity. You can increase the speed or difficulty of the activity (for example, by going up hills).

All adults should get 2 1/2 hours of aerobic exercise each week. Spread the exercise out over the week. Exercise for at least 10 minutes at a time.

Find ways to increase your activity level very day.

·         Walk instead of driving. If you have to drive, park several blocks away from your destination.

·         Climb stairs instead of using an elevator or escalator.

·         Do other house activities, such as gardening.

In addition to burning off extra calories, exercise will also:

·         Lift your mood and help with anxiety

·         Make your bones stronger

·         Reduce your chance of having a heart attack or stroke

·         Help you manage high blood pressure and cholesterol

MEDICATIONS AND HERBAL REMEDIES

There are many over-the-counter diet products. These include herbal remedies. Most of these products do not work and some can be dangerous. Before using an over-the-counter or herbal diet remedy, talk to your health care provider.

Several prescription weight loss drugs are available, including orlistat (Xenical) andPhentermine (Ionamin, Adipex-P, Fastin). Sibutramine (Meridia) is no longer on the market. Ask your health care provider if these are right for you.

Usually, you can lose between 5 and 10 pounds by taking these drugs. People usually regain the weight when they stop taking the medication, unless they have made lasting lifestyle changes.

SURGERY

Weight-loss surgery may be done to help you lose weight if you are very obese and have not been able to lose weight with diet and exercise.

Surgery alone is not the answer for weight loss. It can train you to eat less, but you still have to do much of the work. You must be committed to diet and exercise after the surgery.Talk to your doctor to learn if this is a good option for you.

The two most common weight-loss surgeries are:

·         Laparoscopic gastric banding -- the surgeon places a band around the upper part of your stomach, creating a small pouch to hold food. The band helps you limit how much food you eat by making you feel full after eating small amounts.

·         Gastric bypass surgery -- helps you lose weight by changing how your stomach and small intestine handle the food you eat. After the surgery, you will not be able to eat as much as before, and your body will not absorb all the calories and other nutrients from the food you eat.

You may have complications from these surgeries. One problem some people have is throwing up if they eat more than their new small stomach can hold.

Support Groups

Many people find it easier to follow a diet and exercise program if they join a group of people with similar problems.

See: Eating disorders - support group

Complications

Obesity is a significant health threat. The extra weight puts added stress on all parts of your body.

Medical problems commonly resulting from untreated obesity and morbid obesity include:

·         Type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome

·         High blood pressure, heart disease, and stroke

·         Obstructive sleep apnea and other sleep disorders

·         Certain cancers, including breast and colon cancer

·         Depression

·         Osteoarthritis

Extreme obesity can lead to a gradual decrease in the level of oxygen in your blood, a condition called hypoxemia. Decreased blood oxygen levels and sleep apnea may cause a person to feel sleepy during the day. These conditions may also lead to high blood pressure and pulmonary hypertension. In extreme cases, especially when left untreated, this can lead to right-sided heart failure and ultimately death.

Calling your health care provider

Schedule an appointment with your health care provider if you or your child is obese or gaining weight at an extremely rapid rate. Remember that catching the problem early is much simpler than trying to fix it after the person has gained an excessive amount of weight.

Which is your???

PLEASE TAKE CARE YOURSELF!!!

PLeaSE CHeCk!!..Imp0rtaNt..CerVicaL CanCer

Cervical cancer

Cervical cancer is cancer that starts in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus (womb) that opens at the top of the vagina. 

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

Worldwide, cervical cancer is the third most common type of cancer in women. It is much less common in the United States because of routine use of Pap smears.

Cervical cancers start in the cells on the surface of the cervix. There are two types of cells on the cervix's surface: squamous and columnar. The majority of cervical cancers are from squamous cells.

The development of cervical cancer is usually very slow. It starts as a precancerous condition called dysplasia. This precancerous condition can be detected by a Pap smear and is 100% treatable. That is why it is so important for women to get regular Pap smears. Most women that are diagnosed with cervical cancer today have not had regular Pap smears or they have not followed up on abnormal results.

Undetected, precancerous changes can develop into cervical cancer and spread to the bladder, intestines, lungs, and liver. It can take years for precancerous changes to turn into cervical cancer. Patients with cervical cancer do not usually have problems until the cancer is advanced and has spread.

Almost all cervical cancers are caused by HPV (human papilloma virus). HPV is a common virus that is spread through sexual intercourse. There are many different types of HPV. Some strains lead to cervical cancer. (Other strains may cause genital warts, while others do not cause any problems at all.)

Other risk factors for cervical cancer include:

• Having sex at an early age
• Multiple sexual partners
• Sexual partners who have multiple partners or who participate in high-risk sexual activities
• Women whose mothers took the drug DES (diethylstilbestrol) during pregnancy in the early 1960s to prevent miscarriage
• Weakened immune system
• Poor economic status (may not be able to afford regular Pap smears)

Symptoms

Most of the time, early cervical cancer has no symptoms. Symptoms that may occur can include:

• Continuous vaginal discharge, which may be pale, watery, pink, brown, bloody, or foul-smelling
• Abnormal vaginal bleeding between periods, after intercourse, or after menopause
• Periods become heavier and last longer than usual
• Any bleeding after menopause

Symptoms of advanced cervical cancer may include:

• Loss of appetite
• Weight loss
• Fatigue
• Pelvic pain
• Back pain
• Leg pain
• Single swollen leg
• Heavy bleeding from the vagina
• Leaking of urine or feces from the vagina
• Bone fractures

Signs and tests

Precancerous changes of the cervix and cervical cancer can not be seen with the naked eye. Special tests and tools are needed to spot such conditions.

Pap smears screen for precancers and cancer, but do not offer the final diagnosis. If abnormal changes are found, the cervix is usually examined under magnification. This is called colposcopy. Pieces of tissue are surgically removed (biopsied) during this procedure and sent to a laboratory for examination.

Other tests may include:

• Endocervical curettage (ECC) to examine the opening of the cervix
• Cone biopsy

If the woman is diagnosed with cervical cancer, the health care provider will order more tests to determine how far the cancer has spread. This is called staging. Tests may include:

• CT scan
• Cystoscopy
• MRI
• Chest x-ray
• Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)

Treatment

Treatment of cervical cancer depends on the stage of the cancer, the size and shape of the tumor, the age and general health of the woman, and her desire to have children in the future.

Early cervical cancer can be cured by removing or destroying the precancerous or cancerous tissue. There are various surgical ways to do this without removing the uterus or damaging the cervix, so that a woman can still have children in the future.

Types of surgery for early cervical cancer include:

• LEEP (loop electrosurgical excision procedure) -- uses electricity to remove abnormal tissue
• Cryotherapy -- freezes abnormal cells
• Laser therapy -- uses light to burn abnormal tissue

A hysterectomy (removal of the uterus but not the ovaries) is not often performed for cervical cancer that has not spread. It may be done in women who have repeated LEEP procedures.

Treatment for more advanced cervical cancer may include:

• Radical hysterectomy, which removes the uterus and much of the surrounding tissues, including internal lymph nodes and upper part of the vagina.
• Pelvic exenteration, an extreme type of surgery in which all of the organs of the pelvis, including the bladder and rectum, are removed

Radiation may be used to treat cancer that has spread beyond the pelvis, or cancer that has returned. Radiation therapy is either external or internal.

• Internal radiation therapy uses a device filled with radioactive material, which is placed inside the woman's vagina next to the cervical cancer. The device is removed when she goes home.
• External radiation therapy beams radiation from a large machine onto the body where the cancer is located. It is similar to an x-ray.

Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer. Some of the drugs used for chemotherapy for cervical cancer include 5-FU, cisplatin, carboplatin, ifosfamide, paclitaxel, and cyclophosphamide. Sometimes radiation and chemotherapy are used before or after surgery.

Support Groups

National Cervical Cancer Coalition - http://www.nccc-online.org/

Expectations (prognosis)

Many factors influence the outcome of cervical cancer. These include: 

• The type of cancer
• The stage of the disease
• The age and general physical condition of the woman

Pre-cancer conditions are completely curable when followed up and treated properly. The chance of being alive in 5 years (5-year survival rate) for cancer that has spread to the inside of the cervix walls but not outside the cervix area is 92%.

However, the 5-year survival rate falls steadily as the cancer spreads into other areas.

Complications

• Some types of cervical cancer do not respond well to treatment.
• The cancer may come back (recur) after treatment.
• Women who have treatment to save the uterus have a high risk of the cancer coming back (recurrence). 
• Surgery and radiation can cause problems with sexual, bowel, and bladder function.

Calling your health care provider

Call your health care provider if you:

• Are a sexually active woman who has not had a Pap smear in the past year
• Are at least 20 years old and have never had a pelvic examination and Pap smear
• Think your mother may have taken DES when she was pregnant with you
• Have not had regular Pap smears (ask your health care provider how often you should have one performed)

Prevention

A new vaccine to prevent cervical cancer is now available. In June 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the vaccine called Gardasil, which prevents infection against the two types of HPV responsible for the majority of cervical cancer cases. Studies have shown that the vaccine appears to prevent early-stage cervical cancer and precancerous lesions. Gardasil is the first approved vaccine targeted specifically to prevent any type of cancer.

Practicing safe sex (using condoms) also reduces your risk of HPV and other sexually transmitted diseases. HPV infection causes genital warts. These may be barely visible or several inches wide. If a woman sees warts on her partner's genitals, she should avoid intercourse with that person.

To further reduce the risk of cervical cancer, women should limit their number of sexual partners and avoid partners who participate in high-risk sexual activities.

Getting regular Pap smears can help detect precancerous changes, which can be treated before they turn into cervical cancer. Pap smears work very well in spotting such changes, but they must be done regularly. Annual pelvic examinations, including a pap smear, should start when a woman becomes sexually active, or by the age of 20 in a nonsexually active woman. If abnormal changes are seen, a colposcopy with biopsy should be performed.

If you smoke, quit. Cigarette smoking is associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer.

  

THis figure Shows About Cancer CErviCal

PLEASE CHECK!!!!!!

Is That You?????

~HOMOPHOBIA~

Homophobia is a range of negative attitudes and feelings towards lesbian, gay, bisexual, and in some cases transgender and intersex people. Definitions refer variably to antipathy, contempt, prejudice, aversion, and irrational fear. Homophobia is observable in critical and hostile behavior such as discrimination and violence on the basis of a perceived non-heterosexual orientation. In a 1998 address, author, activist, and civil rights leader Coretta Scott King stated that “Homophobia is like racism and anti-Semitism and other forms of bigotry in that it seeks to dehumanize a large group of people, to deny their humanity, their dignity and personhood.

Among more discussed forms are institutionalized homophobia (e.g. religious and state-sponsored, lesbophobia – the intersection of homophobia and sexism directed against lesbians, and internalized homophobia – a form of homophobia among people who experience same-sex attraction regardless of whether or not they identify as LGBT.

Two words originate from homophobia: homophobic (adj.) and homophobe (n.). A person who displays homophobia or is thought to do so is decribed as being homophobic and labelled as a homophobe.

..Homophobia..

Classification of Homophobia

Homophobia manifests in different forms, and a number of different types have been postulated, among which are internalized homophobia, social homophobia, emotional homophobia, rationalized homophobia, and others. There were also ideas to classify homophobia, racism, and sexism as an intolerant personality disorder.

Homophobia has never been listed as part of a clinical taxonomy of phobias, neither in DSM or ICD; homophobia is usually used in a non-clinical sense.

Social homophobia

The fear of being identified as gay can be considered as a form of social homophobia. Theorists including Calvin Thomas and Judith Butler have suggested that homophobia can be rooted in an individual's fear of being identified as gay. Homophobia in men is correlated with insecurity about masculinity. For this reason, allegedly homophobia is rampant in sports, and in the subculture of its supporters, that are considered stereotypically "male", like football (rugby).

These theorists have argued that a person who expresses homophobic thoughts and feelings does so not only to communicate their beliefs about the class of gay people, but also to distance themselves from this class and its social status. Thus, by distancing themselves from gay people, they are reaffirming their role as a heterosexual in a heteronormative culture, thereby attempting to prevent themselves from being labeled and treated as a gay person. This interpretation alludes to the idea that a person may posit violent opposition to "the Other" as a means of establishing their own identity as part of the majority and thus gaining social validation.

Nancy J. Chodorow states that homophobia can be viewed as a method of protection of male masculinity.

Various psychoanalytic theories explain homophobia as a threat to an individual's own same-sex impulses, whether those impulses are imminent or merely hypothetical. This threat causes repression, denial or reaction formation.

_Please Stop It_

~TRuLy PenAnG~

~PENANG~GEORGETOWN~MY HOMETOWN~                       Penang, often referred to as the Pearl of the Orient, is one of the most                          picturesque and romantic cities in all of Asia. This tropical island lies in the   Indian Ocean, just off the north-west coast of Peninsular Malaysia.                           Penang received its name from the Pinang, or Betel Nut tree, once                            commonly found on the island. Established as the first British trading post in                          the Far East in 1776, Penang today is a bustling metropolis reflecting a uniquely exotic blend of East and West.                                  The state of Penang consists of the island of Penang and a strip of land                                 on the mainland known as Seberang Prai.The Penang Bridge, one of                               the longest in Asia at 13.5 km, links the two land masses. Penang is also connected by a ferry service to the mainland. ~Identity of Penang-Penang Brigde~                                     On Penang Island sits the capital, Georgetown, a city steeped in                             history and tradition yet sparkling with progress and modern development.                         Certain sections of Penang present a quaint picture from the past where                                narrow side streets, trishaws, temples and traders plying their goods,                                      seem to belong to a forgotten era. Penang is a shopper's paradise for goods old and new, at bargain prices.                                        The island also boasts some of the best food in the region, ranging                                               from fabulous Chinese, Malay and Nyonya cuisines to                                           foodstall favourites like nasi kandar, char kway teow and penang                                             laksa, all of which are cooked in a uniquely 'Penang' way. Comprising the island of Penang and Seberang Perai, its seat of government is located in the bustling city of Georgetown. Travellers can select their accommodation from among various well-appointed hotels, five-star resorts and budget inns located throughout the state. There are Many Places of Interest : Khoo Kongsi  Khoo Kongsi is one of the grandest clan temples in the country. Clustered in its square are an elaborately embellished temple, association building, a traditional theatre as well as several 19th century row houses. Kek Lok Si Temple Reputed to be the biggest Buddhist temple complex in Southeast Asia, the temple stands majestically on a hill in Air Itam. It boasts the beautiful “Pagoda of Ten Thousand Buddhas” which blends Chinese, Myanmarese and Thai architecture.  Snake Temple Built in 1850 and dedicated to the deity, Chor Soo Kong, the temple is a sanctuary for pit vipers said to be “servants” of the deity. Cheong Fatt Tze Mansion  Featuring 18th and 19th century Chinese architecture, this stately mansion comprises beautiful bedrooms, libraries, ceremonial halls, courtyards and gardens. It also houses a rare porcelain collection, sculptures, carvings, tapestries, embroideries and antiques. Fort Cornwallis The fort was built on the site of Sir Francis Light’s historic landing in 1786. Originally a wooden stockade, it is now a concrete structure and currently houses cannons, a history gallery, café, handicraft and souvenir centre as well as an open-air amphitheatre. ~situation at Fort Cornwallis~ War Museum  Built around the remnants of a British fort, this 20-acre museum contains several installations above and below ground where old war relics are stored. Visitors can weave through a complex to view barracks, old cookhouses, lock-ups, tunnels and ventilation shafts. Penang Museum  Hundreds of old prints, paintings, clay, stone and porcelain ware as well as other historical artefacts that highlight the important periods in Penang’s development can be found here. Kapitan Keling Mosque Built in early 19th century, the mosque features an ochre yellow façade and a dome-shaped minaret reflecting Moorish Islamic influence. It was named after the Indian Muslim merchant, the Kapitan Keling (headman), Caudeer Mohudeen. Kapitan Keling Mosque Acheen Street Malay Mosque Built in 1820 on land donated by Syed Sheriff Tengku Syed Hussain Aidid, the vernacular-style mosque, also known as Masjid Melayu, features an octagonal minaret and a Moorish arcade. Chinatown  Large and well-preserved, its numerous clan houses, shophouses and temples provide a fascinating insight into the lifestyle of early Chinese immigrant settlers who came here in the 1800s. ..ChinaTown at PenaNg.. Little India This quaint Indian town dates back over two centuries and boasts the 167 years old Sri Mahamariamman Temple. Worth browsing here are the pre-war terrace buildings which house restaurants, jewellery and textile shops, dress retailers, music stores, barbers as well as shops selling spices, sundries and cutlery. Pinang Peranakan Mansion  Contained in this mansion are elaborate traditional costumes and accessories, lovely porcelain pieces, furniture, works of art brought in from China and Europe as well as artefacts related to the history and colourful lifestyle of the Baba Nyonya people of Penang. St. George’s Church The church is one of the oldest landmarks in the city and was named after the patron saint of England. It features a memorial canopy dedicated to Captain Francis Light. Wat Chaiya Mangkalaram  A unique Buddhist temple with Thai, Myanmarese and Chinese architecture, it houses a 33-metre gold-plated reclining Buddha said to be one of the longest in the world. The niches behind the statue house urns contain the ashes of devotees. P. Ramlee’s House Originally built in 1926 to commemorate the late P. Ramlee, Malaysia’s foremost entertainer, the house features the life history of the late singer, actor, composer and film director. The various exhibits include his personal memorabilia and also items belonging to his family. ~This is P.Ramlee's House~ Penang Hill Malaysia’s first hill station, Penang Hill is 830m above sea level. Ascend to the top by hiking up or by travelling in the funicular train which has been operational since 1922 and enjoy the cool climate as well as fantastic view at the summit. -Train at Penang Hill- ~LOVE PENANG SO MUCH~